RECIPES FROM THE 17th CENTURY
(or earlier)

Here is a collection of recipes drawn from a number of authentic European manuals and cookbooks. It's worth noting that some of the dishes do not suit our modern tastes! Early recipes are often considered too sweet and the spices are often more recognisable as belonging to modern deserts, with nutmeg, ginger and sugar added freely to main-course dishes. Deserts of the time are often found to be sickly, with copious amounts of marzipan (marchpane) and dried friut. In time, all of the recipes will have modern adaptations added.

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SEETH OF FRESH SALMON
Salmon poached in beer, vinegar, and herbs
The Good Huswives Handmaid (16th century)

Take a little water, and as much Beere and salt, and put therto Parsley, Time and Rosemarie, and let all these boyle togeathere. Then put in your Salmon, and make your broth Sharpe with some Vinigar.

1 cup water
1 cup beer or ale
¼ cup white wine vinegar
¼ tsp. salt
3 Tbs. parsley flakes
1 tsp. thyme
1 tsp. rosemary leaves
4 Fish steaks (eg Salmon)

Combine all ingredients excluding fish in a saucepan, bring to a boil then reduce heat & simmer for five minutes.
Place fish in a shallow baking dish, add the beer mixture to cover 2/3 of the fish.
Cover the dish, and cook in a preheated oven at 200°C (gas mark 6) for 15-20 minutes, or until fish is just cooked.
Remove fish from baking dish & serve.

PYES DE PARES
(Paris pie)
Authentic 15th century recipe (Harleian)

Take and smyte fayre buttes of Porke, & buttys of Vele, to-gederys, & put it on a fayre potte, & do şer-to Freyssche broşe, & a quantyte of wyne, & lat boyle alle to-gederys tyl yt be y-now; şan take it fro şe fyre, & lat kele a lytelle; şan caste şer-to yolkys of Eyroun, & pouder of Gyngere, Sugre, & Salt, & mynced Datys, & Roysonys of Coraunce; şen make fayre past, and cofynnys, & do şer-on; kyuer it, & let bake, & serue forth.

1 to 1 ½ lbs. each of pork & beef
1 cup red wine
1 cup meat broth (with small pinches of pepper, cumin, saffron & salt)
1 ½ cup currants
1 cup diced dates
8 egg yolks
1 ½ tsp. salt
1 tbs. ginger
2 tbs. sugar
1 9" pie shell with lid

Chop meat into small pieces. Place in pot, add wine and broth until the liquid just reaches the top of the meat (add extra if needed).
Bring to a boil, then reduce heat & cook over medium heat until cooked.
Drain, and reserve some of the liquid. Add remaining ingredients to meat, mixing thoroughly. Slowly add the reserved liquid until the mixture is slightly runny.
Place mixture in pie shell, add lid, and bake at 190°C (gas mark 5) for 45 minutes or until golden brown.

GELYNE IN DUBBATTE
(Roast chicken in wine)
Authentic 15th century recipe (Harleian)

Take an Henne, and rost hure almoste y-now, an choppe hyre in fayre pecys, an caste her on a potte; an caste şer-to Freysshe broşe, & half Wyne, Clowes, Maces, Pepir, Canelle, an stepe it with şe Same broşe, fayre brede & Vynegre: an whan it is y-now, serue it forth.

1 roasted chicken, in pieces
3 cups chicken broth
2 cups sour grape juice or red wine
½ tsp. each of cloves, mace, pepper, and cinnamon
¼ cup bread crumbs
½ tsp. vinegar

Bring 2 cups of the broth, the juice, and the spices to a boil, then reduce heat to a simmer. In a separate pot, bring the remaining broth to a boil. Add bread crumbs and vinegar, stirring well until mixture is smooth. Remove from heat and add to the broth and juice, stirring until well blended. (you may wish to use a blender ) Pour over chicken pieces in a casserole dish and bake at 190°C (gas mark 5) for 45 minutes.
Serves 4 -6.

VELE, KEDE, OR HENNE IN BOKENADE
(herby chicken stew)
Authentic 15th century recipe (Harleian)

Take Vele, Kyde, or Henne, an boyle hem in fayre Water, or ellys in freysshe brothe, an smyte hem in pecys, an pyke hem clene; an şan draw şe same brothe şorwe a straynoure, an caste şer-to Percely, Sawge, Ysope, Maces, Clowys, an let boyle tyl şe flesshe be y-now; şan sette it from şe fyre, & a-lye it vp with raw yolkys of eyroun, & caste şer-to pouder Gyngere, Verious, Safroun, & Salt, & şanne serue it forth for a good mete.

1 whole chicken
fresh chicken broth (optional)
1 small bunch parsley, chopped
2 Tbs. chopped sage leaves
1 Tbs. chopped hyssop
1 tsp. each mace & cloves
1 dozen egg yolks, beaten
1 Tbs. ginger
½ cup red wine vinegar
pinch saffron
pinch salt

Place the chicken in a large pot; cover with water or fresh chicken broth. Bring to a boil, reduce to a simmer, and continue cooking until the meat is tender & falling from the bone; remove from the broth & allow to drain & cool. Pick the meat from the bones, discarding the fat & skin, and cut into large chunks. Place meat in a separate large pot. Strain the broth & add just enough pot to just come to the top of the meat. Add the herbs & bring to a boil, then reduce heat; beat in the egg yolks, spices, and vinegar and simmer until thick. Serve as a main meat dish.
Serves 6-8

Originally a dish of stewed veal, Bokenade later consisted of chicken or kid (goat).

FISH STEW
(Trout, Carp, Tench etc)
The Whole Duty of a Woman: Or a Guide to the Female Sex (1696)

Draw them and scrape them well, wash them in White-wine, then smeer them over with a piece of Sweet Butter, and lay them orderly in a Stew-pan, putting in as much water as will cover them above an inch, with a little Salt, a bundle of sweet herbs, and some blades of Mace, take them up, and make your Sawce of beaten Butter, Claret, yolks of Eggs, and Sugar.

POTAGE OF MUTTON, VEAL OR BEEF IN THE ENGLISH FASHION
The English and French Cook (1674)

Cut a Rack of Mutton in two pieces, and take a Knuckle of Veal and boil it with good store of Herbs, with a pint of Oatmeal chopped amongst them, let your Herbs be Tyme, sweet Marjoram, Parsley, Sives, Succory, Marry-golds, Strawberrie and Violet-leaves, Beets, Borrage, Sorrel, Blood-wort, Sage, Penniroyal, with a little Salt; being well boil'd, serve them on carved Sippets, with the meat in the midst thereof.

STEWED SAUSAGES
The Accomplish'd Lady's Delight In Preserving, Physick, Beautifying, and Cookery, (1675)

Boyl them a little in fair water and Salt, and for sauce, boyl some Currans alone; when they be almost tender, pour out the water from them, and put to them a little White-wine, Butter, and Sugar, and so serve it.

STEWED CHICKEN
A True Gentlewoman's Delight (1653)

Take Chickens, fley them, and cut them in pieces crosse way, then put them in a Pipkin or Skillet, and cover them almost with Pepper, and Mace, and Water, so let it stew softly with a whole Onion in it till part of that liquour be consumed, then put in as much white Wine as will cover them again, take Parsly, sweet Marjoram, Winter Savory, with a little Thyme, and shred them very small, and put them in, and let them boyle till they are almost enough, then put in a good piece of Butter.

STEWED BROTH
A True Gentlewoman's Delight (1653)

Take a neck of Mutton, or a rump of Beef, let it boyle, and scum your pot clean, thicken your pot with grated bread, and put in some beaten Spice, as Mace, nutmegs, Cinnamon, and a little Pepper, put in a pound of Currans, a pound and a half of Raisins of the Sun, two pounds of Prunes last of all, then when it is stewed, to season put in a quart of Claret, and a pint of Sack, and some Saunders to colour it, and a pound of Sugar to sweeten it, or more if need be, you must seeth some whole Spice to garnish your dish with all, and a few whole Prunes out of your pot.

CAKES OF CHICKEN BREASTS
Manual de mugeres en el qual se contienen muchas y diversas reçeutas muy buenas
Manual of Women in which is contained many and diverse very good recipes
(16th Century - Anon)

Two cooked and crushed chicken breasts, a pound of cleaned and crushed almonds, and a half pound of sugar; a little Majorcan cheese, rose water which is necessary, two well-beaten egg whites, a little ginger, a little salt. Everything scrambled, placed in a frying-pan and cover it and put it on the fire. When it is half-cooked, separate it and sprinkle it with rose water. And powder it with ground sugar, and later return it to finish cooking.

CHICKEN FRITTERS

2 minced chicken breasts
1lb fresh crushed almonds
1/2 lb sugar
1 cup of grated hard cheese (like cheddar)
2 beaten egg whites
1/2 tsp ginger
1/2 tsp salt
2 tsp rose water
2 tsp icing sugar

Mix all ingredients (except rose water & icing sugar) together in a bowl, and place in a covered frying pan on a medium heat. Stir half way through cooking, sprinkle with rose water and icing sugar. Return to heat until fully cooked.

CHEESE FRITTERS
Manual de mugeres en el qual se contienen muchas y diversas reçeutas muy buenas
Manual of Women in which is contained many and diverse very good recipes
(16th Century - Anon)

Fresh cheese kneaded with flour, and egg whites and sugar. Then fry it in lard and put sugar and rose water on top.

TO ROUGH-CANDIE SPRIGS OF ROSEMARIE
(candied rosemary)

A Daily Exercise for Ladies and Gentlewomen (1617)

Lay your Rosemarie branches one by one vpon a faire sheete of paper, then take Sugar-candie beaten smal like sparks of diamonds, and wet it in a little Rose-water in a silver spoone, and lay it as euen as you can vpon euery branch, and set them a drying a good way off from the fire, and in one houre they will be dry, then turne them, and candie the other side, and when both sides be throughly dry, box them & keepe them all the yeere: they wil appeare to the eye in their natural colour, and seeme to be couered with sparks of diamonds.

Cooks in the 17th Century did not have the luxury of a refrigerator. As a result, townsfolk were understandably wary of using milk in their recipes, as peddlers were known to sell watered down or rancid produce. As a creamy thickening substitute, almond milk was ideal. For those concerned about nut allergies, you may wish to use Full-cream milk with almond flavouring.

To Make 2 cups of Almond Milk
1 cup ground almonds
2 cups boiling water

Combine almonds and water. Steep for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. Sieve the mixture to remove coarse grains

OR

Blend mixture in electric blender until grains are absorbed (preferable method)

A Potage of Roysons (apple-raisin pudding)
Authentic 15th Century recipe (Harleian)

Take Raysonys, & do a-way şe kyrnellys; & take a part of Applys, & do a-way şe corys, & şe pare, & bray hem in a mortere, & temper hem with Almande Mylke, & melle hem with flowre of Rys, şat it be clene chargeaunt, & straw vppe-on pouder of Galygale & of Gyngere, & serue it forth.

1 cup raisins
1 ½ cups Almond milk
1 Tbs. sugar
1 tsp. mixture of galingale (if available) & ginger
4 tbs. rice flour (or unbleached white)
4-6 apples, peeled, cored, and sliced

Boil the apples & raisins until soft; drain well.
Mash the fruit with the almond milk, spices, and sugar. Cook over medium heat, adding the flour until very thick. Add flour as necessary.
Sprinkle top with ginger just before serving (hot or cold).
Serves 6-8.